In various embodiments, optoelectronic devices are described herein. The optoelectronic device may include an optoelectronic cell arranged so as to wrap around a central axis wherein the cell includes a first conductive layer, a semi-conductive layer disposed over and in electrical communication with the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer disposed over and in electrical communication with the semi-conductive layer. In various embodiments, methods for making optoelectronic devices are described herein. The methods may include forming an optoelectronic cell while flat and wrapping the optoelectronic cell around a central axis. The optoelectronic devices may be photovoltaic devices. Alternatively, the optoelectronic devices may be organic light emitting diodes.

The testing of tumor cells, including human tumors capable of metastases, in assays employing fibronectin-depleted substrates is described. Ex vivo induction of cells, including biopsied human cells, is performed with invasion-inducing agents. Additionally, anti-cancer chemotherapeutics are described. Specifically, chemotherapeutic agents which have anti-metastatic and anti-growth properties are described including non-peptide compositions of matter.

An electron beam lithography machine (10) comprises a column (11) for generating an electron beam (12), a stage (17) for carrying a workpiece (15) to be acted on by the beam, for example for writing a pattern, vertical displacing means (20) for displacing the stage (17) in substantially vertical direction towards and away from the column and a detector (35) for detecting the relationship of a reference plane (A) associated with the column and a reference plane (B) associated with the stage (17) and causing the displacing means (20) to displace the stage in dependence on the detected relationship. The reference planes can be, for example, a writing plane (A) of the beam (12) and a top surface plane (B) of the workpiece (15), which can be brought into coincidence prior to, for example, pattern-writing on workpieces with different thicknesses.

A method of making a composite material, the method comprising: providing a tile, wherein the tile comprises an inorganic material; and bonding the tile to a ductile backing material using heat-curable adhering material and catalyzed foamable exothermic material between the tile and the ductile backing material, wherein heat generated from the use of the catalyzed foamable exothermic material cures the heat-curable adhering material. In some embodiments, the exotherm from the foaming of the foamable exothermic material cures the heat-curable adhering material for a time sufficient to unite a solid foam body to the heat-curable adhering material of the tile and the ductile backing material. The method is particularly advantageous in bonding a tile composed of nano-particles to a ductile backing material, as it helps retain the nanoscale properties of the nano-particles in the tile.

The present invention provides a process for wiring electrical contact sites, in particular on the surface of an electronic or microelectronic component, with the following steps: applying and patterning at least one dielectric on the component surface; currentlessly depositing a conductor starting layer for producing metal wiring interconnects and substitute contact sites with short-circuit contacts for interconnecting the individual metal wiring interconnects and the corresponding electrical contact sites; reinforcing the conductor starting layer by a common electrodepositing process; and separating the short-circuit contacts for separating the electrical contact sites or the contact sites of the wiring from one another.

Disclosed is a wiring connection structure comprising a wiring on which a preferable carbon nanotube can be formed, and a method for forming the same. On a lower layer Cu wiring, Mo is deposited to form a connection layer. On this connection layer, a carbon nanotube is grown using a CVD method. When the connection layer composed of Mo is formed, the following advantages can be obtained. Even when heat is applied during the CVD for growing the carbon nanotube, thermal diffusion of Cu in the lower layer Cu wiring is suppressed so that activity of the catalyst metal can be kept. Further, since the contact resistance between Mo and the carbon nanotube is low, a low resistance connection between the lower layer Cu wiring and the carbon nanotube can be secured and at the same time, a preferable carbon nanotube can be formed.

Sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are integrated 5 into a microfluidic system outfitted with data processing and wireless transmission capability. The sensors combine the sensitivity, specificity, and miniature size of SWNT-based nanosensors with the flexible fluid handling power of microfluidic lab on a chip analytical systems. Methods of integrating the SWNT-based sensor into a microfluidic system are compatible with the delicate nature of the SWNT sensor 10 elements. The sensor devices are capable of continuously and autonomously monitoring and analyzing liquid samples in remote locations, and are applicable to real time water quality monitoring and monitoring of fluids in living systems and environments.

Sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are integrated into a microfluidic system outfitted with data processing and wireless transmission capability. The sensors combine the sensitivity, specificity, and miniature size of SWNT-based nanosensors with the flexible fluid handling power of microfluidic lab on a chip analytical systems. Methods of integrating the SWNT-based sensor into a microfluidic system are compatible with the delicate nature of the SWNT sensor elements. The sensor devices are capable of continuously and autonomously monitoring and analyzing liquid samples in remote locations, and are applicable to real time water quality monitoring and monitoring of fluids in living systems and environments. The sensor devices and fabrication methods of the invention constitute a platform technology, because the devices can be designed to specifically detect a large number of distinct chemical agents based on the functionalization of the SWNT. The sensors can be combined into a multiplex format that detects desired combinations of chemical agents simultaneously.

A wireless communication device, such as an RFID tag, is provided material that is dielectric, unless a voltage is applied that exceeds the materials characteristic voltage level. In the presence of such voltage, the material becomes conductive. The integration of such material into the device may be mechanical and/or electrical.