Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) have demonstrated extraordinary properties and are widely accepted as the building blocks of next generation VLSI circuits. A CNT crossbar based nano-architecture, includes layers of orthogonal carbon nanotubes with electrically bistable and charge holding molecules at each crossing, forming a dense array of reconfigurable double gate carbon nanotube field effect transistors (RDG-CNFETs) and programmable interconnects, which is addressed via a voltage controlled nanotube addressing circuits on the boundaries.

A carbon nitride nanotube loaded with platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles electrode catalyst contains 0.01-1.34 (in atomic ratio) of nitride in carbon nitride nanotube. The platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles have grain diameter of 0.1-15 nm. The content of platinum and ruthenium particles is 1-100 wt.% of quantity of carbon nitride nanotube. The preparation method comprises dispersing the carbon nitride nanotube in the solution containing the salts of platinum and ruthenium, reducing with reductant and purifying. The mole ratio of salts of platinum and ruthenium is m : n, wherein m = 0~1, n = 0~1 and m, n are not 0 simultaneously. The salts of platinum are chloroplatinic acid, potassium chloroplatinate and platinum acetate. The salts of ruthenium are ruthenium chloride and potassium ruthenium hydrochloride.

The invention provides a carrier particle comprising a core of silica and/or alumina which core has a diameter in the range of from 10 nm to 10 µm, a hydrophobic layer enveloping the core, and a layer of amphiphilic molecules enveloping the hydrophobic layer. The invention further relates to processes for preparing said particle and the use of said particle. The particle suitably carries one or more diagnostic and/or one or more therapeutic agents for use in bio-applications.

The invention provides a carrier particle comprising a core of silica and/or alumina which core has a diameter in the range of from 10 nm to 10 µm, a hydrophobic layer enveloping the core, and a layer of amphiphilic molecules enveloping the hydrophobic layer. The invention further relates to processes for preparing said particle and the use of said particle. The particle suitably carries one or more diagnostic and/or one or more therapeutic agents for use in bio-applications.

A method for producing a cationic liposomal preparation comprising a lipophilic active compound with physical and chemical stability during manufacturing, storing and reconstituting, and further a cationic liposomal preparation obtainable by this method as well as specific cationic liposomal preparations as well as pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed.

PURPOSE: A ceramic sheet product for ceramic electronic components, a laminated ceramic electronic component using the same and a method of manufacture thereof are provided to reduce intervals between inner electrodes. CONSTITUTION: A ceramic sheet product for ceramic electronic components comprises a metal layer(2), a ceramic layer, and metal nano-structures(3). The metal layer is formed on the ceramic layer. The metal nano-structures are in contact with the metal layer. The metal nano-structure is projected from the metal layer to the inner side of the ceramic layer. The height of the metal nano-structure is lower than the height of the ceramic layer. The metal nano-structure has a cylindrical shape. The metal nano-structure has the same material as the metal layer.

The each layer in the magnetic multi-layer film is closed ring or oval ring and the magnetic moment or flux of the ferromagnetic film in the magnetic unit is in close state either clockwise or counterclockwise. A magnetic multi-layer film comprises a metal core in the geometry center position in the close shaped magnetic multi-layer film. The cross section of the metal core is a corresponding circular or oval. A MRAM is made of the closed magnetic multi-layer film comprising or not comprising a metal core. The close shaped magnetic multi-layer film is formed by micro process method. The close shaped magnetic multi-layer film can be used broadly in a great variety of device that uses a magnetic multi-layer film as the core, such as MRAM, magnetic head in computer, magnetic sensitive sensor, magnetic logic device and spin transistor.

An n-channel metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET) that exhibits negative differential resistance in its output characteristic (drain current as a function of drain voltage) is disclosed. For a fixed gate voltage, the MISFET channel current, which flows between the drain and source terminals of the transistor, firstly increases as the drain-to-source voltage increases above zero Volts. Once the drain-to-source voltage reaches a pre-determined level, the current subsequently decreases with increasing drain-to-source voltage. In this region of operation, the device exhibits negative differential resistance, as the drain current decreases with increasing drain voltage. The drain-to-source voltage corresponding to the onset of negative differential resistance is also tunable. In addition, the drain current and negative differential resistance can be electronically tailored by adjusting the gate voltage. The resulting device can be incorporated into a number of useful applications, including as part of a memory device, a logic device, etc.

A collector optical system for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or X-ray applications, including lithography and imaging, in which radiation is collected from a radiation source (e.g. laser produced plasma or source) and directed to an image focus, comprising: one or more mirrors, the or each mirror being symmetric about an optical axis extending through the radiation source and the or each mirror having at least first and second reflective surfaces, the first and second reflective surfaces having a common focus, whereby, in use, radiation from the source undergoes successive grazing incidence reflections at said first and second reflective surfaces; and wherein the common focus is transversely offset by a predetermined distance ?r with respect to the optical axis. Also disclosed is an EUV lithography system comprising: a radiation source, for example a LPP source, the collector optical system; an optical condenser; and a reflective mask. Also disclosed is an imaging optical system for EUV or X-ray imaging, and an EUV or X-ray imaging system, comprising: the imaging optical system; and an imaging device, for example a CCD array, disposed at the image focus.